Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market By Component (Industrial PCs, Mas Interconnect, Handler, Prober, Semiconductor, Others), By Application (Defence, Consumer Electronics, IT and Telecommunications, Automotive, Healthcare, Others), By Technology (Analog ATE, Mixed-Signal ATE, Radio-Frequency (RF) ATE, Optical ATE), By Service Offerings (Test Software and Licensing, Maintenance and Support, Consulting and Training), By Test Equipment Type (Memory, Non-Memory, Discrete, Test Handlers) and By Region (North America, Latin America, Asia Pacific, Europe, and Middle East & Africa), and COVID-19 Analysis – Global Forecast 2023 to 2032

Market Analysis and Insights:

The market for Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) was estimated to be worth USD 7.59 billion in 2023, and from 2024 to 2032, it is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 5.94%, with an expected value of USD 13.27 billion in 2032.

The growth of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market is primarily fueled by several key factors. Firstly, there is a rising demand for consumer electronics that offer advanced features and high-performance capabilities, leading to a greater need for efficient testing and validation processes, consequently driving the expansion of the ATE market. Secondly, the increasing complexity of integrated circuits (ICs) and semiconductor components, coupled with the necessity for rapid testing and shorter time-to-market cycles, has resulted in a growing adoption of ATE solutions.

Furthermore, the automotive sector's expansion, specifically the trend towards vehicle electrification and the integration of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), serves as a significant driving factor for the ATE market's growth. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in various industries such as healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing underscores the essential role of ATE solutions in ensuring the quality and reliability of these devices. Lastly, the push towards reducing production costs, enhancing productivity, and minimizing human errors in manufacturing operations is driving the demand for ATE systems, contributing to the market's continued growth.

Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market Scope:

Market Definition

Automated Test Equipment, known as ATE, encompasses the utilization of computerized hardware and software for conducting tests on electronic devices or systems. This technology streamlines the testing procedure, improving efficiency and precision, while minimizing the need for manual involvement.

Automated Testing Systems (ATS) play a pivotal role in contemporary industries through facilitating efficient and precise testing of electronic components and systems. ATS holds significance on multiple fronts. Firstly, it enables rapid and high-capacity testing, thereby enhancing productivity and cutting down manufacturing expenses. Secondly, ATS guarantees the dependability and excellence of electronic goods by promptly identifying defects and malfunctions during the manufacturing phase. This proactive approach helps in minimizing the probability of flawed products reaching the consumer market, thereby averting costly recalls and safeguarding a company's credibility. ATS also supports thorough testing procedures, enabling the assessment of diverse parameters and functionalities to ensure compliance with design requirements. Moreover, ATS aids in streamlining production processes, pinpointing improvement opportunities, and accelerating time-to-market strategies. In essence, Automated Testing Systems are indispensable for upholding the effectiveness, quality, and dependability of electronic goods, making them a cornerstone in contemporary manufacturing sectors.

Key Market Segmentation:

Insights On Key Component

Industrial PCs

Industrial PCs are expected to dominate the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market. These devices play a crucial role in performing automated testing and analysis in various industries, including automotive, electronics, and aerospace. With advanced features such as high computing power, robustness, and compatibility with different software applications, industrial PCs offer efficient and reliable testing solutions. Their ability to handle complex testing procedures and provide real-time data analysis makes them a preferred choice for manufacturers. Additionally, the increasing adoption of industrial internet of things (IIoT) and Industry 4.0 initiatives further boosts the demand for industrial PCs in automated test equipment setups. As a result, industrial PCs are expected to dominate the Global ATE Market due to their indispensable role in ensuring accurate and efficient testing processes. 

Mass Interconnect

Mass Interconnect is another significant component of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market. This part includes the wiring and cabling solutions that connect the ATE system with the devices under test (DUT). Mass Interconnect enables the seamless transmission of signals and data between the testing instruments and DUTs, ensuring smooth and reliable communication. It simplifies the process of connecting and disconnecting multiple DUTs, reducing downtime and increasing productivity. While it may not dominate the ATE market, Mass Interconnect holds considerable importance in providing a robust and reliable connection interface in complex test setups.

Handler

Handler is another key component within the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market. Handlers are automated machines that perform the physical handling of the devices under test (DUTs) during the testing process. They are responsible for tasks such as picking, placing, rotating, and sorting DUTs, allowing for high-volume testing with minimal human intervention. Handlers are widely used in the semiconductor industry, where the demand for testing large batches of integrated circuits is high. While the handler part may not dominate the ATE market on its own, it plays a crucial role in facilitating efficient and accurate testing processes, particularly in high-volume production environments.

Prober

Probers are essential components of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market, particularly in the semiconductor industry. These machines are used to electrically test individual dies on a wafer before the packaging process. Probers provide precise positioning and probing capabilities, enabling thorough testing of each die and identifying potential defects. They help ensure the quality and reliability of semiconductor devices before they are assembled into integrated circuits. While probers may not dominate the ATE market as a whole, their significance in semiconductor testing cannot be underestimated.

Semiconductor

The semiconductor component within the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market holds immense importance. As the core component of various electronic devices, semiconductors undergo rigorous testing to ensure their functionality and reliability. Automated test equipment plays a vital role in semiconductor testing, enabling high-speed, accurate electrical and functional testing. While the semiconductor part is vital for the ATE market, it's important to note that it does not dominate the entire market as it relies on other components, such as industrial PCs, handlers, and probers, for comprehensive testing processes.

Others

The Others category within the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market encompasses various components that contribute to the overall testing ecosystem. These may include software applications, test sockets, interposers, cooling systems, and other supporting equipment. While each of these components serves a specific purpose in the testing process, none of them individually dominate the ATE market. Their significance lies in complementing the primary components, such as industrial PCs, mass interconnects, handlers, probers, and semiconductors, to create a comprehensive and efficient automated testing setup.

Insights On Key Application

IT and Telecommunications

The IT and telecommunications application is expected to dominate the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. With the constant advancements and rapid growth in the IT and telecommunications industry, there is a surging demand for efficient and reliable testing solutions to ensure the quality and performance of electronic devices used in this sector. Automated Test Equipment (ATE) plays a crucial role in the production and testing of semiconductors, electronic components, and communication devices, which are integral to the IT and telecommunications industry. As a result, the IT and telecommunications part is predicted to hold a significant market share in the Global ATE market.

Defence

The defence application is expected to be one of the key players in the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. With the rising need for advanced and efficient testing solutions to ensure the reliability and functionality of various defence equipment, the demand for Automated Test Equipment (ATE) is increasing in the defence sector. The defence industry heavily relies on electronic systems and components, including radar systems, communication devices, and avionic systems, all of which require thorough testing for accurate performance. Therefore, the defence part is anticipated to have a considerable impact on the Global ATE market.

Consumer Electronics

Consumer electronics is another significant application of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. With the constant launch of new and innovative consumer electronic products, there is a growing need for efficient testing solutions to ensure the quality, functionality, and reliability of these devices. Automated Test Equipment (ATE) plays a crucial role in the testing and validation of smartphones, tablets, laptops, gaming consoles, and various other consumer electronic devices. As the demand for these products continues to rise, the consumer electronics part is expected to have a notable presence in the Global ATE market.

Automotive

The automotive application of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market is also projected to be prominent. As the automotive industry continues to innovate and integrate advanced technologies in vehicles, the demand for efficient testing solutions becomes crucial. Automated Test Equipment (ATE) is used for the testing and validation of automotive components, including sensors, control units, infotainment systems, and powertrain systems. With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles and autonomous driving technologies, the automotive part is anticipated to hold a substantial market share in the Global ATE market.

Healthcare

The healthcare application is another of the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. In the healthcare industry, there is a growing need for precise and accurate testing solutions for medical devices and equipment. Automated Test Equipment (ATE) is used for the testing and validation of medical devices such as ultrasound machines, patient monitors, and diagnostic equipment. With the increasing focus on healthcare technology and the demand for quality medical devices, the healthcare part is expected to have a significant impact on the Global ATE market.

Others

The Others category of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market comprises various industries and applications that do not fall into the dominant part or the other mentioned parts. This category may include industries such as aerospace, energy, industrial automation, and more. The impact of the "Others" part on the Global ATE market would highly depend on the specific industries and applications within this category. However, without more specific information regarding the industries encompassed by the "Others" part, it is challenging to determine its dominance or market share in the Global ATE market.

Insights On Key Technology

Radio-Frequency (RF) ATE

RF ATE is expected to dominate the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. RF ATE specifically caters to the testing of devices operating in the radio frequency range, such as wireless communication devices, radar systems, and satellite communication systems. With the increasing demand for wireless technologies and the widespread adoption of smartphones, IoT devices, and automotive components, the RF ATE is witnessing substantial growth. The requirement for efficient testing procedures to ensure the quality and performance of RF devices is driving the demand for RF ATE equipment. Additionally, advancements in RF technology, such as 5G network deployments and the emergence of new frequency bands, create a need for sophisticated RF ATE solutions. These factors position RF ATE as the dominating part in the Global ATE market.

Analog ATE

Analog ATE is another significant technology within the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. Analog ATE focuses on testing analog integrated circuits (ICs) used in various applications such as automotive, industrial, and consumer electronics. Though the demand for analog ICs remains high, the dominance of RF ATE in the Global ATE market surpasses the growth rate of analog ATE. The growth of the analog ATE part is primarily driven by factors such as the increasing complexity of analog IC design, technological advancements in automotive electronics, and the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) market.

Mixed-Signal ATE

Mixed-Signal ATE plays a crucial role in testing ICs that combine both analog and digital components. This technology caters to the rising demand for testing complex semiconductor devices used in various applications, including consumer electronics, automotive, and telecommunication. While mixed-signal ICs continue to gain prominence, the dominance of RF ATE limits the growth potential of mixed-signal ATE in the Global ATE market. Nevertheless, the increasing integration of analog and digital functionalities in semiconductor devices ensures a steady demand for mixed-signal ATE solutions.

Optical ATE

Optical ATE focuses on the testing of optoelectronic devices such as lasers, optical transceivers, and photodiodes. The growth of the optical ATE part is primarily driven by the expanding market for data centers, telecommunications, and high-speed optical networks. However, the dominance of RF ATE in the Global ATE market limits the market share of optical ATE. Nonetheless, the increasing demand for high-speed optical components and the ongoing technological advancements in optical communication present growth opportunities for the optical ATE part.

Insights On Key Service Offerings

Maintenance and Support 

Maintenance and support is expected to dominate the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. This part involves providing ongoing assistance, repair, and maintenance services to ensure the smooth operation of automated test equipment. As the use of ATE continues to rise across various industries, the need for regular maintenance and support becomes essential to prevent any downtime and optimize the equipment's performance. Additionally, ATE systems require periodic software and firmware updates, calibration, and troubleshooting, which further emphasizes the significance of maintenance and support services. With companies increasingly relying on ATE for efficient testing processes, the demand for reliable and efficient maintenance and support services is set to play a dominant role in the Global ATE market.

Test Software and Licensing

Test software and licensing is another crucial sector within the Service Offerings category of the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market. Test software plays a vital role in enabling automated testing processes by providing the necessary algorithms, protocols, and interfaces required for analyzing and processing data. Alongside test software, licensing ensures the legal and proper usage of the software within an organization. As companies invest in advanced ATE systems, the demand for high-quality test software and licensing is expected to grow. However, despite its importance, this part is not expected to dominate the Global ATE market as maintenance and support services remain integral for the ongoing functionality and optimization of ATE systems.

Consulting and Training 

Consulting and training services also hold significance within the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market. Consulting services provide expertise and guidance in implementing ATE solutions tailored to specific industry needs. Additionally, training services play a crucial role in enabling organizations to effectively operate and utilize ATE systems, ensuring their maximum potential is realized. Though valuable, consulting and training services are not projected to dominate the Global ATE market. While they contribute to the successful integration and utilization of ATE, maintenance and support services and test software and licensing are expected to have a greater impact on overall market dominance.

Insights On Key Test Equipment Type

Discrete

The Discrete type is expected to dominate the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market. Discrete refers to electronic components that are individually separate, such as diodes, transistors, and capacitors. These components are widely used in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. The demand for automated testing of discrete components is driven by the need for quality control and efficient production processes. With the increasing complexity and miniaturization of electronic devices, the need for accurate and reliable testing of discrete components is paramount. Therefore, the Discrete part is expected to have a significant market share in the Global ATE Market.

Memory

The Memory type, although not dominating the Global ATE market, holds a significant position. Memory testing is critical in the semiconductor industry, as memory devices such as RAM, flash memory, and solid-state drives are extensively used in electronic devices. The demand for memory testing has been driven by the increasing usage of smartphones, tablets, and other electronic devices that rely on high-performance memory chips. However, with the advancement in technology and the shift towards non-volatile memory solutions, the growth of the Memory part might be hindered. Nonetheless, the Memory part is expected to hold a notable market share in the Global ATE Market.

Non-Memory

The Non-Memory type has its own importance in the Global ATE Market. It includes the testing of various types of non-memory components, such as integrated circuits (ICs), microprocessors, and system-on-chips (SoCs). These components are essential for the functioning of electronic devices across various industries. The demand for non-memory testing is driven by factors such as the increasing complexity of IC designs, the need for higher performance, and advancements in technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and Internet of Things (IoT). Hence, the Non-Memory part is expected to have a significant market share in the Global ATE Market.

Test Handlers

The Test Handlers type plays a crucial role in the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. Test handlers are mechanical systems that automate the handling and testing of integrated circuit devices. They are used to improve the efficiency and reliability of the testing process by reducing manual labor and increasing throughput. The demand for test handlers is driven by the growing need for high-volume production and testing of electronic devices. As the semiconductor industry continues to evolve with advancements like 5G, IoT, and artificial intelligence, the demand for reliable and efficient test handlers is expected to increase. Thus, the Test Handlers part is expected to hold a substantial market share in the Global ATE Market.

Insights on Regional Analysis:

Asia Pacific

Asia Pacific is expected to dominate the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. The region has witnessed significant growth in various industries, including electronics, automotive, aerospace, and telecommunications, all of which are major users of automated test equipment. The increasing demand for consumer electronics, the rapid adoption of advanced technologies, and the presence of major manufacturing hubs such as China, South Korea, and Japan have contributed to the dominance of Asia Pacific in the ATE market. Additionally, favorable government initiatives, such as "Made in China 2025" and "Make in India," aimed at promoting domestic manufacturing, are further driving the growth of the ATE market in the region.

North America

North America holds a significant share in the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. The region is home to several prominent aerospace, defense, and semiconductor industries, all of which heavily rely on automated testing for quality control and assurance. Moreover, the presence of major technology companies, coupled with significant investments in research and development, contribute to the growth of the ATE market in this region. Additionally, the high demand for advanced electronics and connected devices further boosts the adoption of automated test equipment in North America.

Europe

Europe is a key player in the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. The region is known for its advanced manufacturing capabilities, particularly in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and telecommunications. These industries extensively utilize automated test equipment to ensure product reliability and compliance with stringent regulations. Furthermore, the presence of well-established technology companies and the increasing focus on automation in manufacturing processes contribute to the growth of the ATE market in Europe. Additionally, the region's emphasis on innovation and ongoing research and development activities exert a positive impact on the adoption of automated test equipment.

Latin America

Latin America is a growing player in the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. The region has witnessed a significant increase in industrial activities, particularly in sectors such as automotive, electronics, and telecommunications. As these industries continue to expand, the demand for automated test equipment for quality control and testing purposes also rises. Moreover, the favorable business environment, improving infrastructure, and government initiatives to promote industrial growth are contributing factors to the growth of the ATE market in Latin America.

Middle East & Africa

The Middle East & Africa region is gradually emerging in the Global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market. While the region lags behind other regions in terms of market share, it does show potential for growth. With increasing investments in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and electronics, the demand for automated test equipment is expected to rise. Additionally, the region's focus on technological advancements, government initiatives to foster innovation, and rising demand for quality assurance contribute to the growth of the ATE market in the Middle East & Africa. However, the market in this region is still relatively small compared to other regions.

Company Profiles:

Prominent entities within the worldwide Automated Test Equipment (ATE) industry are instrumental in spearheading advancements and delivering cutting-edge testing options across diverse sectors, thus upholding stringent performance and quality benchmarks. These entities bolster market expansion through persistent research and development initiatives, broadening their array of offerings, and forging robust partnerships with clientele and vendors.
Leading companies in the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) industry comprise Teradyne Inc., Advantest Corporation, LTX-Credence Corporation, Roos Instruments Inc., National Instruments Corporation, Chroma ATE Inc., Star Technologies Inc., Astronics Corporation, Marvin Test Solutions Inc., and Tesec Corporation. These firms actively engage in creating, producing, and disseminating cutting-edge automated testing solutions for a wide range of sectors including electronics, semiconductor, automotive, and aerospace.

Their ongoing efforts revolve around refining their product portfolios and delivering all-encompassing testing solutions for electronic devices, integrated circuits, and other components, streamlining quality control procedures effectively and reliably. The competition amongst these major players fuels progress and ingenuity within the ATE market, propelling technological breakthroughs and fostering growth across industries dependent on automated testing technologies.

COVID-19 Impact and Market Status:

The global Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market has experienced a decrease in production and supply chain disturbances due to the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic, resulting in impacts on the market's growth and demand for ATE products.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) market faced significant disturbances. Various countries imposed strict lockdown measures and limitations on manufacturing activities, resulting in reduced demand for ATE solutions and a decline in market revenues. Amid global supply chain disruptions and uncertainties, the production and delivery of ATE systems were impacted, leading to project delays and cancellations.

Nevertheless, with the gradual resumption of operations in multiple industries and the adjustment to the new operating environment, the ATE market has started to recover slowly. Industries such as electronics, automotive, aerospace, and telecommunications continue to emphasize the importance of quality control and testing procedures, thereby maintaining the demand for ATE solutions. Additionally, the ongoing trends towards digitalization, automation, and the increasing complexity of electronic devices are expected to drive the long-term growth of the ATE market. In response to the challenges posed by the pandemic, market participants are prioritizing innovative solutions, remote testing capabilities, and strategic partnerships to address the evolving needs of industries and ensure uninterrupted business operations. Despite the initial setbacks caused by the COVID-19 crisis, the ATE market has demonstrated resilience and is poised for recovery and future expansion.

Latest Trends and Innovation:

- Teradyne, a leading supplier of ATE, announced the acquisition of AutoGuide Mobile Robots in October 2020, expanding its robotics portfolio.

- Advantest Corporation introduced a new tester, T5833, in May 2021, targeting the growing demand for automotive semiconductor testing.

- Cohu, Inc. completed the acquisition of PCT International, Inc. in August 2020, strengthening its position in the ATE market for testing RF devices.

- Keysight Technologies Inc. launched a new ATE system, PathWave Test 2022, in June 2021, focusing on increased test efficiency and reduced time-to-market.

- Chroma ATE Inc. announced the integration of their ATE systems with NVIDIA's open-platform IC testing ecosystem in March 2021, enabling enhanced GPU testing capabilities.

- National Instruments Corporation (now NI) unveiled LabVIEW NXG 5.1 in November 2020, bringing enhanced test development and deployment for ATE applications.

- FEINMETALL GmbH introduced a new contact module, F7531, in September 2021, offering highly reliable contact solutions for ATE applications.

- Astronics Corporation acquired Freedom Communication Technologies, Inc. in February 2020, expanding its RF test capabilities for aerospace and defense ATE.

- ROHM Co., Ltd. developed a new open platform for ATE in collaboration with Technosoft Corporation in July 2021, promoting greater flexibility and customization.

- LTX-Credence Corporation (now Xcerra Corporation) introduced Diamondx platform in January 2020, designed to address the testing challenges in the 5G era.

Significant Growth Factors:

The increasing demand for dependable and effective testing solutions elevates the potential of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) industry.

The Automated Test Equipment (ATE) industry is poised for substantial expansion in the near future, driven by a myriad of influential factors. The burgeoning consumer appetite for advanced electronics like smartphones, tablets, and wearables is necessitating the deployment of ATE solutions to conduct efficient and precise testing on these devices. Moreover, the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and automotive electronics is fueling the demand for ATE by ensuring the dependability and functionality of intricate systems. Additionally, the ongoing trend of miniaturization within the semiconductor sector is paving the way for increased opportunities in the ATE market, demanding meticulous testing of compact components to uphold standards of quality and performance. The advent of 5G technology is also anticipated to elevate the requirement for ATE, facilitating the testing of high-frequency elements integral to 5G infrastructure. Furthermore, the ened emphasis on expediting time-to-market and embracing cost-efficient testing solutions is accelerating the adoption of ATE, fostering enhanced productivity and reduced overall testing expenditures. Collectively, these factors are projected to contribute significantly to the growth trajectory of the Automated Test Equipment market in the foreseeable future.

Restraining Factors:

The expansion of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) sector might face limitations due to the substantial upfront investment needed for deployment and the intricate nature of the machinery.

The market for Automated Test Equipment (ATE) encounters various obstacles. Initially, the high costs involved in deploying ATE systems present a formidable hurdle for small and medium enterprises. The significant investment needed to procure and upkeep the equipment, along with expenses related to staff training, may dissuade firms from embracing ATE solutions. Furthermore, rapid technological advancements necessitate frequent upgrades and replacements of ATE systems, elevating overall costs for businesses. The intricate nature and need for customization of ATE systems to meet specific testing requirements also present challenges in terms of time and resources. Additionally, the shortage of skilled professionals proficient in ATE equipment operation and programming restricts the wider adoption of this technology. Lastly, stringent regulatory frameworks in certain sectors like automotive and healthcare require extensive testing and validation procedures, which can be both time-consuming and expensive. Despite these hindrances, the Automated Test Equipment market shows promising opportunities. The increasing demand for interconnected devices such as smartphones, IoT gadgets, and wearables continues to drive the need for efficient testing methodologies. Industries focusing more on quality assurance and reliability testing also contribute to the demand for ATE systems. Moreover, the advent of Industry 4.0 and the automation of manufacturing processes offer avenues for ATE solutions by enabling quicker and more precise testing, thereby enhancing productivity and reducing time-to-market.

To address the challenges, continuous advancements in ATE technology are gradually lowering initial expenses, facilitating easier customization, and streamlining programming interfaces. Additionally, investments in workforce training and development programs can help alleviate the scarcity of skilled professionals.

Key Segments of the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) Market 

Component Overview
• Industrial PCs
• Mas Interconnect
• Handler
• Prober
• Semiconductor
• Others

Application Overview
• Defence
• Consumer Electronics
• IT and Telecommunications
• Automotive
• Healthcare
• Others

Technology Overview
• Analog ATE
• Mixed-Signal ATE
• Radio-Frequency (RF) ATE
• Optical ATE

Service Offerings Overview
• Test Software and Licensing
• Maintenance and Support
• Consulting and Training

Test Equipment Type Overview
• Memory
• Non-Memory
• Discrete
• Test Handlers

Regional Overview

North America
• US
• Canada
• Mexico
Europe
• Germany
• France
• U.K
• Rest of Europe
Asia Pacific
• China
• Japan
• India
• Rest of Asia Pacific
Middle East and Africa
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE
• Rest of Middle East and Africa
Latin America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Rest of Latin America